A Comparative realist evaluation of religious character education in indonesian publik high schools

Yahya Mof, - and Bulkani, 0014096901 (2026) A Comparative realist evaluation of religious character education in indonesian publik high schools. A Comparative realist evaluation of religious character education in indonesian publik high schools, 12 (4). pp. 3359-3372.

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Abstract

Strengthening students’ moral and ethical development has become a growing concern in contemporary education systems. Religious character education is widely promoted as a strategy to foster students’ moral awareness and social responsibility; however, many existing studies remain descriptive and provide limited explanation of how such programs operate across different institutional contexts. This study aims to analyze the implementation of religious character education in public high schools using a comparative realist evaluation approach. The research was conducted in three public high schools in South Kalimantan, Indonesia: SMAN 2 Banjarbaru, SMAN 4 Banjarmasin, and SMAN 1 Bati-Bati. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis involving school leaders and teachers responsible for religious education programs. The analysis employed the Context–Mechanism–Outcome (CMO) framework to identify the causal processes underlying program implementation. The findings reveal three distinct patterns of implementation: institutional integration, ritual habituation, and managerial adaptation. These patterns demonstrate that the effectiveness of religious character education is shaped by the interaction between institutional context and the mechanisms activated within each school environment. This study contributes to the literature by proposing a contextual evaluation model that explains how religious character education programs operate across diverse educational settings and offers insights for policymakers and practitioners in designing adaptive character education strategies.

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